American Gastroenterological Association:
www.gastro.org

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse:
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov

References

• 1. American Gastroenterological Association. Patient Center http://www.gastro.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=5815
• 2. Laine L. Approaches to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the high risk patient. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 594–606.
• 3. Wilcox CM, Allison J, Benzuly D, Borum M, Cryer B, Grosser T, Hunt R, Ladabaum U, Lanas A, Paulus H, Regueiro C, Sandler RS, Simon L. Consensus Development Conference on the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Including Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Inhibitors and Aspirin. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. September 2006;4(9):1082-9.
• 4. Cryer B and Spechler S. Peptic Ulcer Disease. In: Feldman M, Sleisenger M and Fordtran JS, eds. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company. 2006
• 5. The American Journal of Gastroenterology (2005) 100, 1694–1695; doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50565.x NSAID-Associated Deaths: The Rise and Fall of NSAID-Associated GI Mortality http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v100/n8/full/ajg2005305a.html
• 6. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2218–24.
• 7. The American Journal of Gastroenterology (2005) 100, 1694–1695; doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50565.x NSAID-Associated Deaths: The Rise and Fall of NSAID-Associated GI Mortality http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v100/n8/full/ajg2005305a.html
• 8. Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1888–1899.
• 9. American Journal of Therapeutics. 15(5):444-449, September/October 2008. Cote, Gregory A MD *; Norvell, John P MD; Rice, John P MD; Bulsiewicz, William J MD; Howden, Colin W MD, FACG http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/ajt/abstract.00045391-200809000-00006.htm; jsessionid=KJpYRv5Y0x26DQ1TYY4knR8rjLDskmYJLgjgL5TXtGlkN8QFpp92!-1775402713!181195628!8091!-1
• 10. Tarone, RE, Blot, WJ, McLaughlin, JK. Nonselective nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal bleeding: Relative and absolute risk estimates from recent epidemiologic studies. Am J Ther 2004;11(1):17–25.
• 11. Singh, G, Triadafilopoulos, G. Epidemiology of NSAID induced gastrointestinal complications. J Rheumatol 1999;26(suppl):18–24.
• 12. Wolfe, M. et. al Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, NEJM. 1999: 1888-1899. "National Adherence to Evidence Based Guidelines for Prescription of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs"
• 13. Laine L. The gastrointestinal effects of nonselective NSAIDs and COX-2-selective inhibitors. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 32: 25–32.
• 14. Dahlberg LE, Holme I, Hoye K, Ringertz B. A randomized, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group study to assess the adverse event-related discontinuation rate with celecoxib and diclofenac in elderly patients with osteoarthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2009,38:2,133-43.
• 15. A study conducted by physicians at Eastern Virginia Medical School found that almost one in five patients who responded to a survey in a private GI practice noted use of an NSAID that had not been reported to nursing staff, including 8 percent who reported daily use. Twenty-two percent of respondents did not think the medications were important enough to list; 30 percent cited the fact that the drugs were not prescribed by a physician. This study reflects a common misperception that NSAIDs are insignificant or benign. http://www.acg.gi.org/media/releases/2007am/NSAIDs%20Risks%20and%20Cost%20Benefits.pdf
• 16. van Soest EM, Sturkenboom MC, Dieleman JP, Verhamme KM, Siersema PD, Kuipers EJ. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jul 15;26(2):265-75.
• 17. A study conducted by physicians at Eastern Virginia Medical School found that almost one in five patients who responded to a survey in a private GI practice noted use of an NSAID that had not been reported to nursing staff, including 8 percent who reported daily use. Twenty-two percent of respondents did not think the medications were important enough to list; 30 percent cited the fact that the drugs were not prescribed by a physician. This study reflects a common misperception that NSAIDs are insignificant or benign. http://www.acg.gi.org/media/releases/2007am/NSAIDs%20Risks%20and%20Cost%20Benefits.pdf
• 18. American Heart Association. Circulation. Circulation 2008;118;1894-1909; originally published online Oct 3, 2008; DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191087
• 19. P. Michael Ho; Thomas M. Maddox; Li Wang; et al. Risk of Adverse Outcomes Associated With Concomitant Use of Clopidogrel and Proton Pump Inhibitors Following Acute Coronary Syndrome Concomitant Use of Clopidogrel and Proton Pump
• 20. Goldstein JL, Howard KB, Walton SM, et al. Impact of adherence to concomitant gastroprotective therapy on nonsteroidalrelated gastroduodenal ulcer complications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1337-45
• 21. Goldstein J et al. Impact of Adherence to Concomitant Gastroprotective Therapy Non Nonsteroidal-Related Gastroduodenal Ulcer Complications. CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY 2006;4:1337–1345.